Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies, 10th ed. In: Hoffman RS, Lewin NA, Nelson L, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum N, eds.

Hemodynamic effects of glucagon in portal hypertension.

5 Silva G, Navasa M, Bosch J, Chesta J, Pilar Pizcueta M, Casamitjana R, Rivera F, Rodés J.

Hemodynamic effects of glucagon – a literature review.

4 Meidahl Petersen K, Bøgevig S, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Christensen MB.

Vascular biology of glucagon receptor superfamily peptides: mechanistic and clinical relevance.

2 GlucaGen® HypoKit® Official Product Site.

Glucagon and the A cell: physiology and pathophysiology (first two parts). Glucagon‐induced nausea occurred in 80% of participants despite ondansetron pretreatment. Hemodynamic effects of glucagon thus reflected pharmacologic glucagon plasma concentrations. Similar effects of glucagon bolus occurred on days with beta‐blockade and between 15 and 30 minutes during infusion. Compared with saline, glucagon bolus increased mean heart rate by 13.0 beats per minute (95% CI, 8.0–18.0 P<0.001), systolic blood pressure by 15.6 mm Hg (95% CI, 8.0–23.2 P=0.002), diastolic blood pressure by 9.4 mm Hg (95% CI, 6.3–12.6 P<0.001), and cardiac output by 18.0 % (95% CI, 9.7–26.9 P=0.003) at the 5‐minute time point on days without beta‐blockade. End points were hemodynamic and adverse effects of glucagon compared with saline. Glucagon/saline was administered from 0 minutes as a 2‐minute intravenous bolus or as a 30‐minute infusion (same total glucagon dose). On individual days, esmolol/saline was infused from −15 to 30 minutes. In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy men received combinations of esmolol (1.25 mg/kg bolus+0.75 mg/kg/min infusion), glucagon (50 µg/kg), and identical volumes of saline placebo on 5 separate days in random order (saline+saline esmolol+saline esmolol+glucagon bolus saline+glucagon infusion saline+glucagon bolus).

Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.

Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).

Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).

Glucagon antidote for beta blocker